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Abstract Aim. In vitro antimicrobial activities of seven wines (5 reds and 2 whites) from the Douro region (Iberian Peninsule) against eleven clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori were evaluated. Methods. The disk diffusion method, using Columbia Agar supplemented with horse blood (CAB), were used to determine the antimicrobial properties of some wine components against H. pylori strains. Potential interactions of antioxidants contained in the wines and two antimicrobials (amoxicillin and metronidazole) were studied by the disk diffusion method. Results. All the tested strains showed growth in CAB supplemented with 9% of the tested wines but none of them grew in media supplemented with 45% and 67.5% of wine. Similarly, all the tested strains grew in media with the concentration of proanthocyanidins present in the different types of the studied wines. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of the wine antioxidant components tested (benzoic acid, catechin, quercetin, and resveratrol) indicate that resveratrol was the most powerful inhibitory substance against H. pylori. An effect of potentiation between amoxicillin and metronidazole and the antioxidants tested was also established. The interaction of amoxicillin and resveratrol or metronidazole and catechin increased the antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. Conclusions. The results obtained suggested a potential role of resveratrol as a chemopreventive agent for H. pylori infection.
Resumen Objetivo. Se evaluó las actividades antimicrobianas in vitro de siete vinos (5 tintos y 2 blancos) de la región del Duero (Peninsula Ibérica) frente a once cepas de Helicobacter pylori de origen clínico. Métodos. Para determinar las propiedades antimicrobianas de algunos componentes del vino sobre las cepas de H. pylori se utilizaron las técnicas de difusión en disco en placas de agar Columbia suplementado con sangre de caballo (CAB). La potential interacción entre las sustancias antioxidantes presentes en los vinos y dos antimicrobianos (amoxicilina y metronidazol) se determinó usando la técnica de difusión en disco. Resultados. Todas las cepas ensayadas mostraron crecimiento en CAB suplementado con el 9% de los vinos analizados, pero no se obtuvo crecimiento de ninguna de las cepas en medios suplementados con el 45% y el 67,5% de vino. Asimismo, todas las cepas ensayadas crecieron en medios con la concentración de proantocianidinas presentes en los diferentes tipos de vinos estudiados. Los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de los componentes antioxidantes de los vinos ensayados (ácido benzoico, catequina, quercetina y resveratrol) indican que el resveratrol fue la sustancia más potente en la inhibición del crecimiento de H. pylori. También se estableció un efecto de potenciación entre amoxicilina y metronidazol y los antioxidantes ensayados. Las interacciones amoxicilina + resveratrol y metronidazol + catequina aumentaron la actividad antimicrobiana contra H. pylori. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren un papel potencial del resveratrol como agente quimiopreventivo de la infección por H. pylori.
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Humans , Helicobacter pylori , In Vitro Techniques , Proanthocyanidins , InfectionsABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of Banxie Xiexin decoction in the treatment of duodenum ulcer complicating HP infection and its influence on IL-6.Methods Retrospective analysis of 80 patients with duodenum ulcer complicating HP infection were conducted.The patients were tested by rapid urease test for Hp infection.All the patients were randomly divided into observation group (40 cases) and control group(40 cases) according to random number table generated by SPSS19.0.The control group was treated with triple therapy(omeprazole,clarithromycin,amoxicillin).The observation group was given Banxie Xiexin decoction on the basis of the control group,14d as a course.Before and after treatment,the Hp eradication rate was calculated.The epigastric burning,belching tunsuan,dry mouth and limbs without temperature score were measured.5mL fasting blood was exsanguinated to test IL-6.The clinical efficacy was compared.Results The eradication rate of Hp in the observation group was 85%,which was significantly higher than that in the control group(55%).The difference was statistically significant(χ2=8.571,P<0.05).The total effective rate of the observation group was 95%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(75%).The difference was statistically significant(Z=-3.143,P<0.05).The epigastric burning,belching tunsuan,dry mouth and limbs without temperature score of the observation group and the control group after treatment were lower than before treatment(t=7.167 and 5.664,6.919 and 5.713,7.462 and 5.051,7.372 and 5.136,all P<0.05),which of the observation group after treatment were lower than those of the control group(t=4.501,4.464,4.388,4.506,all P<0.01).The IL-6 levels of the observation group and the control group after treatment were (184.3±92.2)pg/mL and (283.6±102.8)pg/mL respectively,which were significantly lower than before treatment(t=14.332,6.325,all P<0.05).The IL-6 level of the observation group after treatment was significantly lower than the control group(t=7.254,P<0.05).Conclusion Banxia Xiexin decoction can improve the clinical curative effect of triple therapy in the treatment of duodenum ulcer complicating HP infection,improve the clinical symptoms,improve the eradication rate of Hp and restrain the local inflammatory factors,so as to relieve mucosal injury.
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Objective To evaluate the effect and adverse drug reaction of Boulardii yeast combined with triple and quadruple therapy on eradication helicobacter pylori (H.pylori).Methods240 cases of peptic ulcer patients of H.pylori positive were selected in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015, according to different treatment were divided into the triple threapy group(n=60), the triple therapy union group (n=60), the quadruple therapy group (n=60) and the quadruple therapy union group (n=60).The triple threapy group were given clarithromycin and amoxicillin and pantoraazole;on the basis of this, the triple therapy union group were given Boulardiiyeast.the quadruple therapy group were given clarithromycin and amoxicillin and pantoraazole and CBS capsule, on the basis of this, the quadruple therapy union group were given Boulardiiyeast.The four groups were treated continuously for 14 days.14C-UBT, H.pylori eradication rate and adverse drug reaction in the four groups were evaluated five weeks after treatment.ResultsCompared with the triple threapy group and the quadruple therapy group, H.pylori eradication rate in the triple therapy union group(91.2%) and the quadruple therapy union group(94.7%) were improved obviously, and the adverse drug reactions (31.6%、29.8%) decreased significantly, the cumulative recurrence rate of H.pylori were significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant (P< 0.05).ConclusionBoulardii yeast combined with triple and quadruple therapy can obviously increase the H.pylori eradication rate, reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions and the risk of recurrence.The reasonable treatment plan should be selected according to the actual situation.
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Objective To explore the expression and significance of CXCL13 in gastric mucosa of children with nodular gastritis. Methods A total of 216 pediatric patients with clinically diagnosed gastritis under gastroscopy were randomly divided into nodular group and non-nodular group according to whether there were nodular changes under endoscopy. The pathological characteristics of gastric mucosa and the expression of CXCL13/CXCR5 in gastric mucosa of all patients were evaluated. Results The infection rates of Helicobacter pylori(HP)in gastric mucosa in nodule group(n=102)and non-nodular group(n=114)were 70.59% and 42.11%, respectively; the rate of severe mononuclear cell infiltration were 74.51% and 22.81%, respectively; the proportion of neutrophil infiltration were 62.75% and 33.33%, respectively; lymph follicles occurred in 64.71% and 20.18%, respectively; and there were statistical differences between the two groups (P<0.001). Positive staining of CXCL13 and CXCR5 were found in the gastric mucosa of all HP infected patients. The percentages of positive cells of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in the gastric mucosa of the nodules group were (71.33±7.14)% and (73.54 ± 7.92)%, which were higher than those in the non-nodule group (45.88 ± 5.92)% and (50.42 ± 5.98)%, respectively, and there were statistical differences (P<0.001). Conclusions Nodular gastritis in children is mainly associated with Hp infection. The expression of CXCL13/CXCR5 is increased in gastric mucosa in children with Hp infection, especially in nodular gastritis, it may be involved in the formation of lymphoid tissue in gastric mucosa.
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Objective To analyze the correlative factors of peptic ulcer recurrence in the elderly. Methods From January to December 2009,169 elderly patients (≥ 60 years old)with peptic ulcer delected by edoscopy were enrolled,whose treatment and usage of medication were analyzed.Data of treatment and recurrence in 3-year follow-up were recorded.Mann-Whitney rank sum test and Logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the correlated factors.Results The potential risk factors associated with recurrence of peptic ulcer in the elderly were screened and analyzed by single factor analysis,and ulcer size, ulcer location, concomitant usage of drugs, smoking and condition of Helicobacterpylori (H .pylori )infection at the end of follow-up were found to be correlated with recurrence of peptic ulcer in the elderly.After adjusting age and gender,the potential risk factors were analyzed by a Logistic stepwise regression model.Smoking (OR = 1 .788,P = 0.001 ),combined medication (OR=6.202,P =0.015 ),ulcer size (OR =2.697,P =0.032 )and condition of H .pylori infection at the end of follow-up (OR=43.784,P =0.007)were found to be correlated with recurrence of peptic ulcer in the elderly.Conclusion Smoking,combined medication,ulcer size and condition of H .pylori infection at the end of follow-up have an impact on peptic ulcer recurrence in the elderly.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified sequential therapy versus different quadruple therapy for the helicobacter pylori (H .pylori) eradication .Methods A total of 240 H .pylori infected patients with non atrophic gastritis accompanies erosion and peptic ulcer diagnosed by gastroscopy ,were evenly divided into sequential therapy group (A group) ,con-comitant therapy group(B group) ,7 days bismuth-containing quadruple therapy group(C group) and 10 days bismuth-containing quadruple therapy group(D group) .A group :rabeprazole 10 mg ,amoxicillin 1 000 mg were taken twice daily for 5 days firstly ,then rabeprazole 10 mg ,clarithromycin 500 mg ,furazolidone 100 mg were taken twice daily for 5 days .B group :rabeprazole 10 mg , amoxicillin 1 000 mg ,clarithromycin 500 mg ,furazolidone 100 mg were taken twice daily for 7 days .C group and D group :rabe-prazole 10 mg ,bismuth 220 mg ,amoxicillin 1 000 mg ,clarithromycin 500mg were taken twice daily for 7 and 10 days respectively . H .pylori status was re-assessed with 14C-urea breath test after 4-weeks therapy .Results Among them ,224 cases completed the study .According to the analysis of intention-to-treat (ITT ) ,the H .pylori eradication rates of A ,B ,C ,D group were 88 .33% , 83 .33% ,73 .33% ,81 .67% respectively ,and according to per-protocol (PP )analysis which were 92 .98% ,90 .90% ,78 .57% , 87 .50% .The difference between A and C group was statistically significant (χ2 = 4 .36 ,4 .83 ,P= 0 .037 ,0 .028) .Conclusion Fura-zolidone-containing sequential therapy provide provide high H .pylori eradication rates ,which could be the first-line treatment option .
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Objective To investigate the correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and pathological characteristics of gastric mucosal in the elderly.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted in 278 patients with benign upper gastrointestinal disease from January 2014 to June 2014.The patients were examined by endoscopy and 13C-UBT,and divided into elderly group (aged 60 years and over,n=111) and non-elderly group (aged＜60 years,n=167).The relationships between Hp infection and pathological changes in gastric mucosal tissue (severe chronic inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles,gastric gland atrophy,intestinal metaplasia) were analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in helicobacter pylori infection rate between the elderly group and non-elderly group [27.0％ (30/111) vs.36.5％ (61/167),P＞0.05].The rate of gastric gland atrophy was higher in elderly group than in non-elderly group [13.5％ (15/111) vs.6.0％ (10/167),P=0.028].The rates of severe chronic inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles,gland atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were 73.6％,70.3％,14.3％,18.7％,29.7％ in patients with helicobacter pylori infection,which were higher than those in patients without helicobacter pylori infection (19.8％,3.2％,0.5％,4.3％,8.6％,respectively,all P=0.000).Removing the factor of Hp infection,the rates of glands atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were higher in elderly group than in non-elderly group (8.6％ vs.0.9％,43.3％ vs.23.0％,P=0.013 and 0.045).Conclusions Helicobacter pylori infection correlates with severe chronic gastric mucosal inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles formation.Gland atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are related to the Hp infection,and age is also their influencing factor.
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Objective To observe the effect and safety of helicobacter pylori eradication by doxycycline, levofloxacin,bismuth potassium citrate combined with omeprazole.Methods 240 patients who infected helicobacter pylori were selected,and were randomly divided into four groups:treatment group(doxycycline,levofloxacin,bismuth potassium citrate,omeprazole),control group A(doxycycline,levofloxacin,omeprazole),control group B(amoxicillin, clarithromycin,bismuth potassium citrate,omeprazole),control group C (amoxicillin,clarithromycin,omeprazole), 60 patients in each group.Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment for 7 days,patients with gastritis stop after the course of the treatment,peptic ulcer patients continue taking omeprazole 5 weeks after 7 days treatment.All patients stopped medicine 2 weeks accepted 14 carbon breath test.And adverse events were investigated.Results In the treatment group and the control group A,B,C,the helicobacter pylori eradication rates were 93.3%,80.0%,91.7%, 75.0%.Compared with group A,the treatment group helicobacter pylori eradication rate increased significantly(χ2 =4.61,P 0.05).Compared with the treatment group,group B had high inci-dence of oral odor(χ2 =6.56,P <0.05).Compared with the treatment group,group C had high incidence of oral odor (χ2 =5.46,P <0.05).Conclusion Doxycycline,levofloxacin,bismuth potassium citrate combined with omeprazole can improve the helicobacter pylori eradication rate significantly,and with low price,has little side effect,no need of penicillin skin test,can used for the patients poverty or allergic to penicillin.
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Functional dyspepsia( FD)is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder,its pathogenesis has not been fully clarified. Recent studies showed that gastrointestinal mucosal low-grade inflammation had been found in patients with FD,and impaired mucosal integrity,psychological factor and abnormal brain-gut axis may promote the inflammation formation,which may also contribute to the onset and persistence of FD. This article reviewed the advances in study on gastrointestinal mucosal low-grade inflammation in FD.
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The ecological balance of gastrointestinal microbiota plays an important role in digestion,absorption, metabolism,immunity and protection against pathogens. Functional disturbance of gastrointestinal microecology is closely related to gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies have shown that gastrointestinal microecology was involved in the pathogenesis process of gastric cancer. This article reviewed the progress in study on relationship between gastrointestinal microecology and gastric cancer.
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Mucin as an important member in gastrointestinal mucus layer has become the focus of research. Many studies suggested that MUC1 mucin is involved in the mechanism of Helicobacter pylori( Hp)infection. It is important to understand the relationship between MUC1 mucin and Hp for preventing Hp infection and gastric cancer. This article reviewed the relationship between MUC1 mucin and Hp.
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Objective To observe the effect of lactoferrin supplementation combined with standard triple therapy on eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and its adverse reaction in children. Methods A total of 90 children who were diagnosed with H.pylori infection from January 2012 to January 2013 and had never received eradicative treatment were ran-domly divided into two groups. Forty-five children in control group received the standard triple therapy and another 45 children in observation group received lactoferrin supplementation combined with standard triple therapy. Adverse reaction during the treatment was recorded and eradication rate of H.pylori at 4 weeks after treatment was observed. Results The eradication rate of H.pylori in observation group (91.11%, 41/45) was higher than that in control group (73.33%, 33/45) and the adverse reaction rate in observation group (4.44%, 2/45) was lower than that in control group (20.00%, 9/45).The differences were significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Lactoferrin supplementation combined with standard triple therapy can increase H.pylori eradication rate and reduce the occurrence of adverse reaction.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between gastric polyps and helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection .Methods 150 patients with gastric polyps(experimental group) and 150 patients with chronic gastritis(control group) from October 2011 to No-vember 2012 in Shapingba people′s hospital of Chongqing were enrolled in this study .The polyps biopsy in patients with gastric polyps and the mucosa in gastric antrum big and small bends ,and the anterior and posterior walls(about 2-5 cm from the pylorus) from both groups were detected for the pathological type ,inflammation degree and stained(modified Giemsa staining) for detection of the existence of Hp .Results In 150 patients with gastric polyps ,58% (87/150) of the cases were infected by Hp mainly in medi-um and low degree ,in which 39 .3% (59/150) of the infection located at polyps and 42% (63/150) of the infection occurred out of polyps .Pathological analysis for this group further demonstrated that the types of hyperplastic polyps ,fundic gland polyps ,inflam-matory polyp and adenomatous polyps accounted for 68 .0% (102 cases) ,20 .7% (31 cases) ,9 .3% (14 cases) and 2 .0% (3 cases) of total 150 gastric polyps cases ,of which 63 .7% (65/102) ,38 .7% (12/31) ,57 .1% (8/14) and 66 .7% (2/3) cases were infected by Hp ,respectively .Pathological analysis also indicated that ,among total 150 gastric polyps cases ,single polyps and multiple polyps types accounted for 62 .0% (93 cases) and 38 .0% (57 cases) .The polyps commonly existed at gastric fundus in which the incidence rate of the hyperplastic polyps type and the fundic gland polyps type were 94 .1% (96/102) and 87 .1% (27/31) ,respectively .The infection rate in hyperplastic polyps was markedly higher than that in fundic gland polyps (P<0 .05) ,and the infection of hyperplas-tic polyps was mainly medium and high degrees .In addition ,the inflammatory response in the hyperplastic polyps was higher ,ac-companied by the intestinal metaplasia and atrophy of gastric mucosa ,as compared with non-hyperplastic polyps .In the total 150 control cases ,52 .0% (78/150) patients were infected by Hp with mainly medium and high degree .Results indicated that there is no relationship between polyps occurring and Hp infection .Conclusion Compared to the chronic gastritis ,there is no positive associa-tion between gastric polyps and Hp infection .There is no remarkable difference for Hp infection rate and degree between the polyps and the non-polyps sites in the stomach .The infection rate and infection degree of hyperplastic polyps is significantly higher than that of fundic polyps .However ,the underlying mechanisms for the development of hyperplastic polyps have to be elucidated in the future .
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Objective To explore the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and gastric carcinogenesis,and to investigate its mechanism.Methods Totally 333 elderly patients with different degrees of gastric mucosal lesions in our hospital were selected.Patients were divided into 4 groups:chronic superficial gastritis group (n=86),chronic atrophic gastritis group (n=92),gastric ulcer group (n=80) and gastric cancer group (n=75).HP infection in patients were detected by paraffin-embedded tissue sections and ELISA.The gene expressions of c-myc,p16 and p53 were detected by immunohistochemical SP method,and the results were analyzed.Results HP infection positive rate was significantly higher in gastric cancer group than those in the chronic superficial gastritis group and chronic atrophic gastritis group (both P＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the expression rates of c-myc,p16 and p53 between HP positive and negative patients in chronic superficial gastritis group (all P＞0.05).There were differences in the expression rates of cmyc and p53 (both P＜0.05),while the expression rate of p16 had no significant difference between HP positive and negative patients in chronic atrophic gastritis group (P ＞ 0.05).There were differences in the expression rates of c-myc,p16 and p53 between HP positive and negative patients in gastric ulcer group and gastric cancer group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There is a certain correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis.It is important to take anti-inflammatory treatment timely and actively to prevent gastric cancer in patients with HP infection in gastric mucosal lesions.
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Objective To study the relationships of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione s-transferase P1 (GSTP1) with gastric cancer (GC). Methods The 98 patients with GC and 149 controls with normal finding at endoscopy were enrolled for this study. The rapid urease test (RUT), 13C- urea breath test (13C-UBT) and Giemsa staining of biopsy samples were used to check Hp infection. PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect GSTP1 genotype. Results The rate of Hp infection was higher in GC group than in control group (54.1% vs. 40.9%, x2 =4.11, P＜0. 05). The risk of GC would significantly increase in the GSTP1 homozygous mutant gene (MM) group with Hp infection (OR=5.44, 95%CI 1. 26-26. 79, x2=7.13, P＜0.05). Conclusions Hp infection and GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with gastric cancer risk in the elderly.
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Background and purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important proangiogenic factor, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection-induced gastric over-expression of VEGF is an important factor of gastric cancer growth and metastasis, but its expression mechanism is not clear. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rapid response protein, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Our study was to investigate the effect of COX-2 on H. pylori-induced VEGF expression in human gastric cancer cells, and to reveal part of the mechanism of gastric cancer growth and metastasis promoted by H. pylori infection. Methods:The expression ofVEGF mRNA in human gastric epithelial cells (MKN45) infected by standard H. pylori NCTC 11637 and the expression of COX-2 protein were evaluated by real-time fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RFQ-PCR) and assayed by Western blot. After inhibiting COX-2 expression with COX-2 specific inhibitor NS398 (50 μmol/L), VEGF mRNA expression induced by H. pylori in human gastric cancer MKN45 cells was evaluated by RFQ-PCR. Results: H. pylori significantly stimulated the expression ofVEGF mRNA in MKN45 cell line. Compared with control MKN45 cells; VEGF mRNA had 2.33 fold up-regulation after 6 h (P<0.05); and had 5.69 and 5.04 fold upregulation respectively after 12 and 24 h (P<0.01).When MKN45 cells were infected with H. pylori for 24 h, COX-2 protein expression also increased significantly (P<0.01), and after inhibiting the COX-2 expression with COX-2 specific inhibitor NS398, H. pylori-induced VEGF mRNA expression was significantly reduced. Conclusion: H. pylori could induce the expression of COX-2 and VEGF in human gastric cancer cells, and could enhance VEGF expression by COX-2 pathway, which might be one of the important mechanisms of gastric cancer growth and metastasis promoted by H. pylori infection.
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Objective To analyze the effect of cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2）on the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer with Helicobacter pylori（H.pylori）infection.Methods A total of 60 gastric cancer specimens were included in this study.H.pylori infection was deter-mined by improved Giemsa method and the expression of COX-2 was examined by immunohistochemistry.The correlation between H.pylori infection and the clinical pathological features of gastric cancer was analyzed.Results H.pylori infection was detectable in 36 of 60 cases（60.0%）,and correlated with the staging（χ2=28.040,P =0.000）and lymph node metastasis（χ2=25.482,P =0.000）,but not with the age,sex of patients or histological types.H.pylori infection also significantly linked to the expression of COX-2（χ2=24.326,P 〈 0.001）.Con-clusion H.pylori infection may promote the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by increasing the expression of COX-2.
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Objective To study the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) DNA positive detection in bile of gallbladder and intragastric Hp's colony and its plausible mechanism.Methods Sixty patients of gallbladder innocence diseases were recruited in the case group and 30 health populations were recruited in the control group.13CPDB was used to detect the infection of Hp.The cytotoxin associated gene antigen (cagA) in gall and gall-stone were detected through PCR.The empty function was tested through B ultrasound.Results The infection rate of Hp in all cases is 50.0% (30/60) and 7 of 30 bile (23.3%) ,1 of 30 gallstones (3.3%) were positive for Hp cag-A by PCR analysis in positive Hp infection group,with none of the 30 bile were positive in negative group( x2 = 5.822 ,P ＜ 0.05 ).The contraction rate of gallbladder of Hp positive group ( 56.8 ± 17.1 ) %was lower than negetive group' s ( 69.4 ± 13.1 ) % and the control group' s (63.3 ± 17.1 ) % ( F = 5.633,P ＜0.05).Conclusions Hp DNA is present in bile of gallbladder,and is related with Hp infection in stomach.Impairment of the gallbladder empty function may be related with Hp infection.
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Objective To investigate the status of Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) and the level of blood ammonia. Methods Sixty-five SHE patients and healthy volunteer were selected. In all subjects Hp was assessed by rapid urease test (RUT) and histological examination. It would be regarded as Hp infection if both the RUT and histological examination were positive. The level of blood ammonia was detected and number connection test (NCT), digit symbol test (DST)and electroencephalogram (EEG)was performed. The patients could be diagnosed with SHE whichever of the three tests was abnormal. The patients with Hp infection were randomized received one-week standard treatment. Bacterial eradication was assessed with <'14>C-urea breath test after the treatment of 6-8 weeks, meanwhile above mentioned examinations were reassessed. Results The ratio of Hp infection in SHE patients (46.2%, 30/65 )was higher than that in healthy controls ( 33.3 % ,20/60), but there was no significant difference(P> 0.05).The blood ammonia level before and after eradication had no significant difference(P> 0.05 ). No improvement was observed in above mentioned examinations after treatment. Conclusion There is no relationship between the level of blood ammonia and Hp infection in SHE.
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Objective To study the effect of VacA on the secretion of THP-1 macrophages as an individual virulence determinant, and the effect of NF-kB on the secretion of THP-1 macrophages. Methods The recombinant plasmid pDsRed-Monomer-Cl/vacA was transfected into macrophages. The cytokine con-tent of TNF-α or IL-1β in the culture medium was tested quantitatively with ELISA kit, respectively. The content of NO or ROS in the culture medium was tested with Griess reagent or DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. The apoptosis rate of macrophages was tested by flow cytometry. The effect of PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-kB, on the secretion and apoptosis of macrophages transfected with the recombinant plasmids, was also studied. The activity of NF-kB was examined in THP-1 cells by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay(EMSA). Re-suits At 6 h after transfection, the level of TNF-α and IL-1 β in macrophages transfected with the recombi-nant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). At 6 h or 12 h after trans-fection, the level of NO and ROS in macrophages transfected with the recombinant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). At 16 h after transfection, the apoptosis rate of macropha-ges transfected with the recombinant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). PDTC decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1 β, NO, ROS and apoptosis rate induced by VacA. VacA was found to trigger NF-kB activation. Conclusion The over-expression of VacA fusion protein can up-regulate secretion and apoptosis of macrophages. Activation of NF-kB is probably involved in the produc-tion of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, ROS and apoptosis induced by VacA.